摘要 美国所谓的关税重置是指在世界贸易组织(WTO)推动关税重置谈判,采用威胁的手段逼迫其他WTO成员降低关税,否则美国将打破关税约束,单方面对其他成员提高关税。美国对WTO关税体制的不满由来已久,其当前的平均约束关税税率要远低于大部分发展中国家,也低于其他重要经济体。关税重置可能成为美国退出WTO的替代选项,其国内民粹势力很可能积极推动重启关税谈判,以此来协调美国国会内部针对WTO的意见分歧,并在某种程度上达到退出WTO的目的。如果美国在WTO推动关税重置谈判,那么会对全球、美国和中国的经贸格局造成重大冲击,在全球层面引发WTO成员之间的巨大分歧,加剧当前的WTO危机,引发多边贸易体制的重构。在美国层面,这标志美国贸易政策的重大调整。在中国层面,可能引爆新一轮中美贸易冲突,加大中国被部分国家联合围堵的风险,但同时有助于降低中国部分贸易伙伴的关税水平。对此,本文提出以下建议:一是摸清家底,准备应对预案;二是争取朋友,坚决维护多边贸易体制;三是倒逼改革,助力自身发展;四是积极有为,加快自由贸易协定方面的布局;五是顺应形势,发展数字经济。 The so-called tariff reset by the United States is to promote tariff reset negotiations in the WTO and use threats to force other WTO members to lower their tariffs.Otherwise,the United States will break tariff constraints and unilaterally increase tariffs on other WTO members.If the United States promotes tariff reset negotiations in the WTO,it will lead to huge differences among WTO members,aggravate the current WTO crisis,trigger the restructuring of the multilateral trading system,and increase the risk of China being jointly encircled by some major countries.The United States has a long history of dissatisfaction with the WTO tariff system.Its current average bound tariff rate is much lower than that of most developing countries and other major economies.Tariff resetting may become an alternative option for the United States to withdraw from the WTO,and its domestic populist forces are likely to actively promote the restart of tariff negotiations,in order to mediate differences within Congress on the WTO,and to some extent achieve the goal of withdrawing from the organization.Article 28 of GATT 1994 is the possible legal basis for the United States to promote tariff reset.This article also stipulates that if negotiations with the three types of members fail,the applicant still has the right to modify or revoke its tariff concessions,but three types of members also have the right to"Retaliation".This provision actually opens the way for the applicant to take unilateral measures.To cope with the situation,China should figure out the boundaries and prepare for responding to the US plan;it should make efforts to win the understanding from other countries and resolutely safeguard the multilateral trading system;meanwhile,it should strengthen its industrial chain and safeguard its economic safety;It should also be active and enhance cooperation with other countries regarding free trade agreements;last but not least,it should adapt to the new situation and develop the digital economy.
机构地区 武汉大学国际法研究所 中国贸促会法律部
出处 《国际经济评论》 CSSCI 北大核心 2020年第6期56-70,5,共16页 International Economic Review
分类号 F75 [经济管理—国际贸易]
