2.1 Governing Equations

In practice, most flows in the Kanbara reactor are turbulent, and turbulence modeling is a key issue in most CFD simulations. In this regard, Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) turbulence modeling approaches have become very popular in modeling KR desulfurization due to the significantly reduced requirements on computational resources and user skills when compared with other methods. For this reason, this study adopted this approach to investigate the influence of mesh design characteristics and quality on the accuracy of results.

For the Kanbara reactor, the liquid iron flow is considered viscous, incompressible, isothermal, and constant density. The governing Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations alongside the two-equation SST k-turbulence model^[16] have been employed.